From 2D landmarks to 3D orientations: the araponga workflow
Overview | Angle conventions | Case study: beak gape angle in bellbirds | Step 1: define the directed vectors | Step 2: describe the observed 2D projections | Step 3: include measured view elevation | Step 4: include approximate yaw | Step 5: use physical length to constrain foreshortening | Biological application: estimating gape | What if I'm interested in yaw? | Choosing candidate values